Ka la 16 December, batho ba Afrika Boroa ba keteka letsatsi la poelano, letsatsi la phomolo la sechaba le ketekoang liketsahalo tse peli tsa bohlokoa, tseo ka bobeli li thusitseng ho fetola histori ea naha. Ntho ea morao-rao ho tsena ke ho thehoa ha Umkhonto we Sizwe, letsoho la sesole la African National Congress (ANC). Sena se etsahetse ka la 16 Phato 1961, 'me sa tšoaea qaleho ea ntoa e loantšanang khahlanong le khethollo ea merabe.
Ketsahalo ea bobeli e ile ea etsahala lilemo tse 123 pele ho moo, ka la 16 Ntlong ea 1838. Ena e ne e le Ntoa ea Nōka ea Mali, e pakeng tsa baahi ba Madache le bahlabani ba Zulu ba King Dingane.
Semelo
Ha Mabrithani a bokella Cape ka mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1800, balemi ba buang Sedache ba ne ba jara mekotla ea bona holim'a likoloi tsa likhomo 'me ba fallela Afrika Boroa ba batla linaha tse ncha tse ke keng tsa finyelloa ke puso ea Brithani. Bajaki bana ba ile ba tsejoa e le Voortrekkers (Afrikaans bakeng sa pele-trekkers kapa bo-pula-maliboho).
Litletlebo tsa bona khahlanong le Mabrithane li ne li boleloa Manifesto e kholo, e ngotsoeng ke moeta-pele oa Voortrekker Piet Retief ka January 1837. Tse ling tsa litletlebo tse kholo li kenyeletsa ho hloka tšehetso e fanoang ke Brithani ka ho thusa balemi ho sireletsa mobu oa bona ho tsoa ka Sexhosa meloko ea moeli; le molao oa morao-rao khahlanong le bokhoba.
Qalong, Voortrekkers ba ne ba hanyetsa kapa ba hanyetsa ha ba ne ba fallela ka leboea-bochabela ba kena ka hare ho Afrika Boroa.
Naha eo e ne e bonahala e se na batho ba mefuta-futa-e leng letšoao la matla a maholohali a fetang a Voortrekkers.
Ho tloha ka 1818, merabe e ka leboea ea Mazulu e ne e fetohile matla a maholo a sesole, e hlōla meloko e nyane ebe e ba khomarela ho theha 'muso tlas'a puso ea Morena Shaka.
Ba bangata ba bahanyetsi ba Morena Shaka ba ile ba balehela lithabeng, ba lahla mapolasi a bona 'me ba tlohela naha e lahliloeng. Leha ho le joalo, ha hoa ka ha e-ba joalo, pele Voortrekkers a kena tšimong ea Zulu.
The Massacre
Retief, e leng hlooho ea terene ea Voortrekker, o ile a fihla Natal ka October 1837. O ile a kopana le Morena oa kajeno oa Morena, Morena Dingane, khoeli hamorao, e le hore a leke ho buisana le beng ba mobu. Ho ea ka tšōmo, Dingane o ile a lumela - ha boemo ba Retief bo qala ho hlaphoheloa likhomo tse likete tse 'maloa tse utsoitsoeng ho eena ke mookameli oa Tlokwa.
Retief le banna ba hae ba atlehile ho khutlisa likhomo, ba li isa motse-moholo oa sechaba sa Zulu ka February 1838. Ka la 6 February, Morena Dingane o ile a itšireletsa ka tumellano ea ho fana ka naha ea Voortrekkers pakeng tsa Lithaba tsa Drakensberg le lebōpo. Nakoana ka mor'a moo, o ile a mema Retief le banna ba hae hore ba tl'o noa joala pele ba e-ea naheng ea bona e ncha.
Hang ha a le ka har'a kraal, Dingane o ile a laela ho bolaoa ha Retief le banna ba hae. Ha ho netefatse hore na ke hobane'ng ha Dingane a ile a khetha ho hlompholla lehlakoreng la hae la tumellano. Mehloli e meng e bontša hore o halefisitsoe ke ho hana ha Retief ho fana ka lithunya le lipere ho Zulu; ba bang ba bolela hore o ne a tšaba se ka 'nang sa etsahala haeba Voortrekkers a e-na le lithunya le lithunya a lumelloa ho lula meeling ea hae.
Ba bang ba lumela hore malapa a Voortrekker a qalile ho lula naheng pele Dingane a saena selekane sena, ketso eo ae nkileng e le bopaki ba hore ha ba hlomphe meetlo ea Sezulu. Ho sa tsotellehe seo a neng a se nahanisisa, polao e ile ea bonoa ke Voortrekkers e le ketso ea ho eka e ileng ea senya tumelo e nyenyane e neng e le teng pakeng tsa Boers le Zulu ka lilemo tse mashome a tlang.
Ntoa ea Nōka ea Mali
Ho pholletsa le 1838 kaofela, ntoa e ile ea qhoma pakeng tsa Mazulu le Voortrekkers, e mong le e mong a ikemiselitse ho hlakola e 'ngoe. Ka la 17 February, bahlabani ba Dingane ba ile ba hlasela likampong tsa Voortrekker hohle haufi le Nōka ea Bushman, ba bolaea batho ba fetang 500. Har'a bona, ke batho ba ka bang 40 feela ba neng ba le makhooa. Ba bang kaofela e ne e le basali, bana le bahlanka ba batšo ba tsamaeang le Voortrekkers.
Ntoa eo e ile ea e-ba hlooho ka la 16 December ka ho khumamela ho Nuts River, moo matla a Voortrekker a banna ba 464 a neng a hlomme liahelo bankeng.
Voortrekkers e etelletsoe pele ke Andries Pretorius le pale ea hore bosiung ba pele ho ntoa, lihoai li ile tsa etsa boitlamo ba ho keteka letsatsi leo e le phomolo ea bolumeli haeba li hlahisa tlhōlo.
Mantsiboea, ba pakeng tsa 10 000 le 20 000 bahlabani ba Mazulu ba ile ba hlasela likoloi tsa bona tse potolohileng, ba etelletsoe ke molaoli, Ndlela Sompisi. Ka thuso ea lerotholi la lithunya ka lehlakoreng la bona, Voortrekkers ba ile ba khona ho hlōla bahlaselli ba bona habonolo. Motšehare oa motšehare, li-Zulus tse ka holimo ho 3 000 li ne li robala li shoele, ha ba le ba bararo feela ba Voortrekkers ba lemetse. Ba-Zulus ba ile ba qobelloa ho baleha 'me nōka e ne e khubelu ka mali a bona.
The Aftermath
Ka mor'a ntoa, Voortrekkers o ile a khona ho hlaphoheloa litopo tsa Piet Retief le banna ba hae, a ba pata ka la 21 Ntlong ea 1838. Ho boleloa hore ba fumane chelete ea mobu e saenisitsoeng har'a thepa ea banna ba shoeleng, 'me ba e sebelisa ho bokella naha. Le hoja likopi tsa liphallelo li teng kajeno, ntho ea pele e ne e lahlehile nakong ea Ntoa ea Anglo-Boer (le hoja ba bang ba lumela hore ha ho mohla e kileng ea e-ba teng).
Hona joale ho na le lihopotso tse peli ho Nōka ea Blood. Sebaka sa Majoe a Nōka ea Mali se kenyeletsa ho ba le likoloi tsa borone tse halefileng, tse emisitsoeng sebakeng sa ntoa ho ikhopotsa bahlaseli ba Voortrekker. Ka November 1999, mookameli oa KwaZulu-Natal o ile a bula Musiamo oa Ncome lebōpong le ka bochabela ho nōka. E nehetsoe ho bahlabani ba 3 000 ba Mazulu ba lahlehetsoeng ke bophelo ba bona mme ba fana ka tlhaloso ea bocha ba liketsahalo tse lebisang ntoeng.
Ka mor'a hore ho lokolloe pefo ea khethollo ea sechaba ka 1994, sehopotso sa ntoa, la 16 December, se ile sa phatlalatsoa e le letsatsi la phomolo ea phatlalatsa. E bitsoa Letsatsi la Poelano, e reretsoe ho sebeletsa e le letšoao la South Africa e sa tsoa kopana. Hape ke ho amohela mahlomola a nang le linako tse sa tšoaneng historing ea naha ka batho ba mebala eohle le merabe.
Sehlooho sena se ntlafalitsoe ke Jessica Macdonald ka la 30 Tlhakubele 2018.